Generational impact of climate change
The younger a person is, the higher their likelihood of unprecedented exposure to climate extremes. Even if we successfully limit global warming to 1.5°C, 52% of children born in 2020 will face unprecedented heatwave exposure, compared to only 16% of those born in 1960. For heatwaves, the effect is particularly pronounced for those born after 1980, when climate change scenarios increasingly dictate exposure levels.
“By stabilizing our climate around 1.5 °C above pre-industrial temperatures, about half of today’s young people will be exposed to an unprecedented number of heatwaves in their lifetime. Under a 3.5 °C scenario, over 90% will endure such exposure throughout their lives”, warns Grant. “The same picture emerges for other climate extremes examined, though with slightly lower affected fractions of the population. Yet the same unfair generational differences in unprecedented exposure is observed.” Children in tropical countries will bear the worst burden under a 1.5 °C scenario. However, under high-emission scenarios, nearly all children worldwide face the prospect of living an unprecedented life (see Figure 2).
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Climate vulnerability and social injustice
The study also highlights the social injustice of climate change and its impacts. Under current climate policies, the most socioeconomically vulnerable children born in 2020 will almost all (95%) endure unprecedented exposure to heatwaves in their lifetime, compared to 78% for the least vulnerable group. “Precisely the most vulnerable children experience the worst escalation of climate extremes. With limited resources and adaptation options, they face disproportionate risks”, says Thiery.
Urgent Need for Global Climate Action
Ahead of COP30 in Brazil, nations must submit updated climate commitments. Under current policies, global warming would reach around 2.7 °C this century. This study and the related Save The Children report emphasize the urgency of keeping global warming below 1.5 °C for the children of today and tomorrow.
Inger Ashing, CEO of Save the Children International, said: “Across the world, children are forced to bear the brunt of a crisis they are not responsible for. Dangerous heat that puts their health and learning at risk; cyclones that batter their homes and schools; creeping droughts that shrivel up crops and shrink what’s on their plates. Amid this daily drumbeat of disasters, children plead with us not to switch off. This new research shows there is still hope, but only if we act urgently and ambitiously to rapidly limit warming temperatures to 1.5 °C, and truly put children front and centre of our response to climate change.”
“With global emissions still rising and the planet only 0.2 °C away from the 1.5 °C threshold, world leaders must step up to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lessen the climate burden on today’s youth”, concludes Thiery.
Numbers in overview
The numbers reported in the new study focus on one single birth cohort: children born in 2020. Climate extremes will affect all generations, but mostly children. Therefore authors \u200b provide below numbers that take into account all children who are between 5 and 18 years old today, which represents a total population of 1.69 billion children.
Heatwaves
Under a 1.5 °C pathway, 855 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves.
Under a 2.7 °C pathway, 1353 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves.
Under a 3.5 °C pathway, 1509 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves.
Crop failures
Under a 1.5 °C pathway, 316 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to crop failures.
Under a 2.7 °C pathway, 400 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to crop failures.
Under a 3.5 °C pathway, 431 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to crop failures.
Wildfires
Under a 1.5 °C pathway, 119 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to wildfires.
Under a 2.7 °C pathway, 134 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to wildfires.
Under a 3.5 °C pathway, 147 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to wildfires.
Droughts
Under a 1.5 °C pathway, 89 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to droughts.
Under a 2.7 °C pathway, 111 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to droughts.
Under a 3.5 °C pathway, 116 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to droughts.
River floods
Under a 1.5 °C pathway, 132 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to river floods.
Under a 2.7 °C pathway, 188 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to river floods.
Under a 3.5 °C pathway, 191 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to river floods.
Tropical cyclones
Under a 1.5 °C pathway, 101 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to tropical cyclones.
Under a 2.7 °C pathway, 163 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to tropical cyclones.
Under a 3.5 °C pathway, 163 million children aged 5-18 in 2025 face unprecedented lifetime exposure to tropical cyclones.
References:
Publication in Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08907-1
Save The Children Report: https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/born-into-the-climate-crisis-2-an-unprecedented-life-protecting-childrens-rights/
Contact
Prof. Dr. Wim Thiery:
\u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b wim.thiery@vub.be
\u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b https://bsky.app/profile/wimthiery.bsky.social
\u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b +32 2 629 30 29
Dr. Marie Cavitte:
\u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b marie.cavitte@vub.be
\u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b \u200b +32 470 19 24 15
The study was accomplished by researchers from Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Environment and Climate Change Canada, KU Leuven, the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), and ETH Zurich.
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